WHAT IS CAMPHOR TREE?
Botanical Name: Cinnamomum camphora.
Other Common Names:
True camphor, hon-sho, laurel camphor, Japanese camphor, kamfertræ (Danish),
Kampfer (German), alcanfor (Spanish), laurier du Japon. (French).
The camphor tree
is a member of the Lauraceae or the laurel family. It is an evergreen tree that can reach up to 40
meters in height and live to be greater than 1000 years old.
It has a wide spreading canopy and
a short, thick trunk with a circumference up to 5 meters. The bark is rough and
greyish-brown and the leaves are alternate and glossy green. The branches bear
clusters of small yellow and white flowers followed by black fruits that
contain one small camphor seed.
The
camphor tree is native the southern islands of Japan and Taiwan, where they
form majestic forests. It is also found growing wild in China.
Today, it is
cultivated in many countries with tropical and subtropical climate, especially
in India, Sri Lanka, Egypt, Madagascar, South Africa and USA.
Plant Parts Used: Camphor a white crystalline known as 2-bornanon
and commonly called camphor, obtained from all parts of the tree Cinnamomum
camphora. It is insoluble in water but soluble in alcohol and oils.
It comes in three
varieties, white yellow and brown. Only the white one is used medicinally as
the other two are quite toxic.
It comes in three varieties, white yellow and
brown. Only the white one is used medicinally as the other two are quite toxic.
Camphor can also be obtained from some other related trees in the laurel
family, like East African camphor (Ocotea usambarensi) or from plants from
completely different plant families like Borneo camphor (Dryobalanops
aromatica).
Active Ingredient and Substances: The leaves
contains approximately 1% essential oil while the wood contains around 3%. The
essential oil contains 10-15% of 2-bornanon.
White oil contains cineol, pinene, terpineol, menthol
and thymol, but no safrole. The brown variety contains up to 80% safrole and
some terpenoids.
The yellow variety mainly contains
safrole, sesquiterpenes and sesquiterpene alcohol.
BENEFITS AND SIDE EFFECT CAMPHOR TREES
The camphor oil has been used and
extracted from different plants species over the centuries. In ancient
China the camphor tree was used mainly for its wood as the Chinese never
mastered the art of extracting the oil which they used as an embalming agent
but instead imported Borneo camphor (Dryobalanops aromatica) for this purpose.
All parts of the camphor tree have secret cells containing volatile oil which
crystallizes when it comes in contact with air.
In the past the whole tree was utilized in the
extraction of the oil, usually from trees that were at least 50-60 years old.
Today, only the leaves are used allowing for
recurring harvest without killing the goose that lays the golden egg so to
speak. The aromatic leaves can be harvested three to four times a year.
The essential oil containing the camphor is extracted
from the leaves by steam distillation. The essential oil is removed by
compressing or centrifuging and the remaining raw camphor is then purified by
sublimation.
In the distillation process of the essential oil,
three fractions are separated.
These are known as white, brown and yellow camphor.
White is the lightest fraction with the lowest boiling point with, then the
brown followed by the yellow as the heaviest.
The
brown and yellow varieties should never be used therapeutically, either
internally or externally as they are very toxic. The white one can be used for
medicinal purposes, mostly externally, but with caution. It is also used as a
solvent in the paint and varnish industry, as a fragrance in cleansers, soaps,
disinfectants and household cleaning products.
In addition, it is used in the
production of celluloid, elastic and extremely flammable substance produced by
a mixture of nitrocellulose and camphor.
Traditional medical use of camphor:
Once
it was used as an external pain remedy for bruises, wounds, inflammation, effective
to reduce itchy, infection, gout and
rheumatic joints, and internally to treat hysteria, epilepsy and heart related
ailment.
Additionally, it was used in incense form as a
treatment for asthma, bronchitis, emphysema and other respiratory
ailments. Up until 1950’s it was used as a stimulant and was given as treatment
for collapse and fainting.
Modern medical use of camphor: This time,
camphor is mainly used in creams and ointments for rheumatic pain, neuralgia, arthritis, sore muscles, sprains and bruises.
In
addition, it is used as an insect repellent.
A camphor oil, or some other products that contain
it, can be applied externally on the neck and chest as a remedy for acute or
chronic pneumonia and bronchitis.
It
can also be used directly on hands and feet to treat
chilblains and to treat acne and cold sores.
Camphor oil also used topically to
increase local blood flow and as a “counterirritant,” which reduces pain
and swelling by causing irritation. It is important not to apply camphor to
broken skin, because it can enter the body quickly and reach concentrations
that are high enough to cause poisoning.
Therapeutic Dosages
Camphor
as herbal medicine is now available primarily as oil where the pure
crystallized form has been dissolved in olive oil, peanut oil or another
neutral base oil. It has been approved by the
FDA for external application in a concentration of 3 to 11 %.
Side Effects and Interactions of Camphor
When
products containing camphor (3 to 11 %) are used correctly and the
manufacturer’s instructions are followed the risks of side effects are minimal.
Camphor
can cause rash or allergic reactions in some people.
Overuse
can cause skin irritation and no products containing camphor should be used on
open wounds or burns. All internal uses of the herb is advised against.
If it
is consumed it may cause vomiting, palpitations, convulsions, delirium,
hallucinations and even death.
Camphor is one of Jamu Stick ingredients which is
very effective for cure infection and reduce itchy on women intimate area.
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